Many studies have documented cin and cervical cancer s risk factors. Cervical cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. Awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms. Introduction cervical cancer is cancer arising from the cervix. These factors raise the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer risk is higher in women with genital warts gw versus those without, a cohort study showed. Using birth control pills for a long time five or more years. Risk factors for cervical cancer canadian cancer society. Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women worldwide with a high incidence in underdeveloped countries and nigeria is one of these countries. Severalrisk factors increase your chance of developing cervical cancer. Hpv16 was the most common hpv type in squamous cell carcinoma 60% of the positives, followed by hpv18 18%. The most important advance in cervical cancer screening is broader use of the papanicolaou test pap smear and highrisk hpv testing. Pdf awareness about cervical cancer risk factors and.
Jul 22, 2016 risk factors for cervical cancer while high risk hpv is the cause of 99. Risk factors for cervical cancer american cancer society. Hpv is a virus that is spread during sexual contact. See the hereditary cancer syndromes section for more information about. Most cases of cervical cancer occur in women younger than 50 years of age. Deciding on the kind of treatment depends on several factors. Perception and risk factors for cervical cancer among. A casecontrol design was used in which a total of 268 subjects, comprising 4 women with invasive cervical cancer as cases and 4 control women were studied. Prenatal exposure of des daughters of women who took des during pregnancy z91. Some hpv types can cause changes on a womans cervix that can. Additional studies are under way to identify vaccines that target other types of hpv linked to cervical cancer, help the immune systems of men and women already infected with hpv to destroy the virus, and aid women with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer. Risk factors and clinical aspects of recurrent invasive.
Leading risk factors for preventable cancers are smoking, getting too much uv radiation from the sun or tanning beds, being overweight or having obesity, and drinking too much alcohol. Moreover, the introduction of pap smears and pelvic exams in these countries brought about a drastic reduction in the death rate of cervical cancer. Des daughters have an increased risk of developing abnormal cells in the cervix and the vagina that are precursors of cancer dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous intraepithelial lesions. Selected risk factors for cervical cancer and barriers to. Learn how to lower your risk and about the symptoms, risk factors, screening tests, and diagnosis and treatment for cervical cancer. Recurrence was defined based on clinical or paraclinical documentation over at least 6 months after complete remission following surgery or radiotherapy. To determine the types of cervical cancer and risk factors among women and the possible relationship between the risk factors. Various other risk factors for cervical cancer are early age at marriage, multiparty with poor birth spacing between pregnancies, poor personal hygiene are common among the rural women, so this. To determine the types of cervical cancer and risk factors among women and the possible relationship between the risk factors and each specific type of cervical cancer. Other things also can increase your risk of cervical cancer. Also, it is found that preinvasive highgrade lesions and invasive cervical carcinoma represent 0. Jun 26, 2019 the national cancer institute estimates that there will be over,000 new cases of cervical cancer in 2019.
Rates of cervical cancer have gone down in the united states. Cancer risk factors include exposure to chemicals or other substances, as well as certain behaviors. Cervical cancer risk is not associated with infection with low risk hpv types, cohort studies have shown. Most cervical cancer is caused by certain types of human papillomavirus hpv. Full text knowledge, attitude and practice towards. Oct 30, 2019 the total attainable score for cervical cancer symptoms was 3, while the total obtainable score for cervical cancer risk factors was 5. The cervix is located at the top of the birth canal vagina and the lower part of the womb uterus. The overall or for cervical cancer associated with hpv positivity by any hpv type was 119, and strong associations with risk of squamous cell carcinoma were observed for the eight most common hpv types found in this population types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, and 59. Causes of cervical cancer how to reduce your risk types and stages of cervical cancer risk factors for cervical cancer. But at least 15 types of hpv are considered high risk for cervical cancer. Therefore cervical cancer is a preventable type of cancer. Several factors may increase the chance that you will get uterine cancer. Jan 16, 2019 since most cases of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus hpv infection, the hpv vaccine is recommended to protect against the types of hpv that can cause cervical cancer.
Several factors related to your sexual history can increase the risk of cervical cancer. This study aimed at screening for cervical cancer using papanicolaou smear and to. High risk types of hpv are thought to stop the cells working normally, which can eventually cause them to reproduce uncontrollably, leading to the growth of a cancerous tumour. Risk factors and cofactors of cervical cancer have been clearly identified in many studies. We now know that other risk factors co factors act along with hpv to increase the risk for cervical cancer. Some of them cause a type of growth called papillomas, which are more commonly known as warts. An isolated risk factor for hpv infection and thus cervical cancer in young women, statistically significant, was a high number of sexual partners. There is no way to know for sure if you will get uterine cancer. Learn more about the risk factors for cervical cancer. Screening and prevention, staging, and the management of cervical cancer and preinvasive disease are discussed separately. Risk factors for cervical cancer jos cervical cancer trust. Almost all cervical cancers are caused by persistent infection with hpv. Cervical cancer, risk factors, human papilloma virus, diagnosis, screening i. Lack of awareness of risk factors and symptoms for cancer may leads to late diagnosis and poor.
Most cervical cancer risk factors relate to increased exposure to hpv or decreased ability to clear the virus immunologically. They also include things people cannot control, like age and family history. Pooled data from eight casecontrol studies on invasive cervical cancer and two studies on carcinoma in situ. Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women. None of the above if none of the above risk factors are met, per medicare you would be considered low risk and your exam and pap will only. Learn about the risk factors for cervical cancer and what you might be able to do to help lower your risk. But having a risk factor, or even several, does not mean that you will get the disease.
To date, various studies have been conducted on the risk factors associated. Our results are supportive of the hypothesis that early age at first sexual intercourse and history of genital infection is related with the risk factors for cervical cancer. Various strains of the human papillomavirus hpv, a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Pdf prevalence and risk factors of cervical cancer among. The data visualizations tool provides detailed statistics. Hpv16 and hpv18 are the subtypes most associated with invasive cervical cancer. For the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Although vigorously pursued, an increased risk from oral contraceptives has not been convincingly demonstrated. Sexual risk factors for cervical cancer among rural indian. The known risk factors of developing cervical cancer are human papilloma virus hpv, low socioeconomic status, smoking, marrying before age 18 years, young age at the first coitus, multiple sexual partners, multiple sexual partners of spouse, and multiple childbirths. Cervical cancer assessment my canceriq learn your risk.
Although these risk factors can increase the odds of developing cervical cancer, many women with these risks do not develop this disease. The barriers to cervical cancer screening can be sorted according. In general, women over do not need to be screened for cervical cancer unless they have risk factors. Cervical cancer is characterized by a range of minortosevere neoplastic changes of the epithelium which typically advances locally and via the lymphatic route, sometimes recurrently 1, 2. Pdf incidence, mortality and risk factors of cervical. Cervical cancer has the highest incidence and mortality in female genital tract cancers in china. Human papillomavirus hpv and pap smear every 5 years. This difference may be due to cultural and socioeconomic differences between these populations. This study was conducted prior to the availability of any hpv test method. Cervical cancer is more common among groups of women who are less likely to have access to screening for cervical cancer. Update on prevention and screening of cervical cancer. Aug 07, 2019 almost all cervical cancers are caused by hpv.
Therefore, monogamy, late commencement of sexual activity, personal hygiene. In the past, numerous risk factors have been identified to be associated with the development of cervical cancer, including age, ethnicity, early marriage, multiple sexual partners, poor genital. Having hiv the virus that causes aids or another condition that makes it hard for your body to fight off health problems. Risk factors for cervical cancer among young women springerlink. Longlasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus hpv is the main cause of cervical cancer. Risk factors for cervical cancer a risk factor is any factor that is associated with increasing someones chances of developing a certain condition, such as cancer.
A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. The risk is most likely affected by increasing the chances of exposure to hpv. A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. To date, various studies have been conducted on the risk factors associated with cervical cancer. This point has been proven in countries like, usa and uk. The aim of this article was to describe in more detail the barriers to cervical cancer screening among women all over the world. Hpv acquisition is most dependent on genital contact.
Research article prevalence and risk factors of cervical. A crosssectional populationbased survey was conducted to assess community awareness about cervical. Cervical cancer treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combinations of these. The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with hpv. However, several factors may increase the chance that you will get uterine cancer, including if you are obese have an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of.
Hpv is a common virus that is passed from one person to another during sex. The hpv vaccine is recommended for both girls and boys aged 11 to 12 years, but it can be administered as early as age 9, and up until a person is 26 years old. Cervical cancer causes and risk factors in addition to the main cause of cervical cancer, an hpv infection, there are several other risk factors that contribute to the disease. A hospitalbased casecontrol study was carried out to investigate the role of sexual risk factors in cervical cancer among rural indian women. Sexually transmitted infection with hpv is the strongest risk factor for development of cervical cancer. Risk factors for cervical cancer international journal of. We conducted the present analyses to see whether an alternative approach, the. Get an overview of cervical cancer and the latest key statistics in the us. It has now been proven that hpv is the major causative factor of carcinoma of the cervix. Some risk factors are modifiable, such as lifestyle or environmental risk factors, and others cannot be modified, such as family history and inherited factors.
Each year, approximately 12,000 women in the united states get. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body1,2. Risk factors for cervical cancer were found to be early age at first sexual intercourse or 58. A number of risk factors for cervical cancer are linked to exposure to the human papilloma virus hpv. Sep 04, 2012 a retrospective study was designed to identify risk factors and pattern of uterine cervical carcinoma recurrence evaluating the outcome of 36 registered patients. Women past this age group remain at risk and need to have regular cervical cancer screenings, which include a pap test andor an hpv test. American cancer society, american society for colposcopy and cervical pathology, and american society for clinical pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Abstract cervical cancer polietiologic disease risk factors which are early sexual debut, sexual activity, injure of the cervix, ovarian dysfunction, urogenital infections, vitamin deficiencies. At least half of sexually active people will have hpv at some point in. Infection by the human papillomavirus hpv is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. Pdf incidence, mortality and risk factors of cervical cancer in the. These abnormal cells resemble cancer cells, but they do not invade nearby healthy tissue and are not cancer.
Becoming sexually active at a young age especially younger than 18 years old. There are multiple risk factors that have been connected with the acquisition of hpv infection and cervical cancer table table1. Infection with human papillomavirus hpv is one of the most important risk factors for. The present study aims to assess the risk factors for cervical cancer in women aged 2580 years.
Pdf types and risk factors of cervical cancer researchgate. Known risk factors including multiple sexual partners, human papillomavirus infection, and early onset of sexual activity, were recognized by 88%, 82%, and 78% of respondents respectively. Cervical cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention risk factors. You will find out more about the factors that increase the chance of developing cervical cancer. The risk for developing cervical cancer is associated with early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking and infection with hpv, use oral contraceptive for a longer period and occupation are the risk factors for the developing cervical cancer 1. Diethylstilbestrol des and cancer national cancer institute. Some kinds of cancer like breast, cervical, and colorectal can be caught early through screening. Study of the risk factors associated with cervical cancer. Increased awareness of cervical cancer and its risk factors will reduce the risk for this disease. Cervical cancer risk factors risk factors for cervical.
Women who are infected with hpv and smoke cigarettes have a higher risk of cervical cancer. A family history of certain cancers can be a sign of a possible inherited cancer syndrome. Survey respondents with an average score of 2 or more were classified as having good knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms, while respondents with a score below 2 were categorized as having poor knowledge. A casecontrol study of risk factors for invasive cervical. Having a family history of cervical cancer is also a risk factor. The 2 highest risk are hpv 16 and hpv 18, which cause the majority of cervical cancers. Cdcs national breast and cervical cancer early detection program provides lowcost breast. Almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus hpv, a common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sex.
In total, 75 age matched cases and 75 controls were enrolled. The risk goes up between the late teens and mid30s. Patients with initial minor stage disease stages ibiia, who undergo appropriate treatment, will develop recurrence with risk factor of 1015 %mostly isolated in pelvic cavity. Mar 25, 2019 cervical cancer causes and risk factors in addition to the main cause of cervical cancer, an hpv infection, there are several other risk factors that contribute to the disease. Infection with the human papillomavirus hpv is the main risk factor for cervical cancer, but it does not always cause the disease by itself. All information provided on the my canceriq website, including the results of the risk assessment and any suggestions on how to reduce cancer risk the information is based on the best available current information but cancer is a complex disease and not all factors that may affect a persons risk are known or can be measured. Other things can increase your risk of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer tends to affect women of african ancestry more often than caucasian women.
It also is highly curable when found and treated early. The most common histologic types of cervical cancer are squamous cell 70 percent of cervical cancers and adenocarcinoma 25 percent. Women whove had more than three fullterm pregnancies or were younger than 17 at the time of their first fullterm pregnancy are at higher risk for cervical cancer. Pdf study of the risk factors associated with cervical. The accumulated data regarding possible risk factors for cervical cancer among hpvinfected women are derived mainly from casecontrol studies based on dna testing to define controls 12. Women without any of these risk factors rarely develop cervical cancer.